Cell Nucleus: Structure, Function, Chromatin, Nucleolus and Nuclear Envelope

Cell Nucleus: Structure, Function, Chromatin, Nucleolus and Nuclear Envelope

pediagenosis    September 19, 2026   

FIGURE 4.1 • Composite cell designed to show in one cell all of the various components of the nucleus and cytoplasm. (From McConnell T. H., Hull K. L. (2011). Human form human function: Essentials of anatomy & physiology (p. 70). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.)

The Nucleus

The nucleus of the cell appears as a rounded or elongated structure situated near the center of the cell (see Fig. 4.1). All eukaryotic cells have at least one nucleus (prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, lack a nucleus and nuclear membrane). Some cells contain more than one nucleus; osteoclasts (a type of bone cell) typically contain 12 nuclei or more. The platelet-producing cell, the megakaryocyte, has only one nucleus but usually contains 16 times the normal chromatin amount.

Attachments of Muscles of Forearm: Anterior View Anatomy

Attachments of Muscles of Forearm: Anterior View Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 18, 2026    Comment   

Attachments of Muscles of Forearm: Anterior View Anatomy

Brachioradialis muscle, Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle, Supinator muscle, Extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris muscles, Common extensor tendon, Brachialis muscle, Biceps brachii muscle, Supinator muscle, Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (radial head), 

Gastric Analysis: Procedure, Gastric Acid Output, and Clinical Uses

Gastric Analysis: Procedure, Gastric Acid Output, and Clinical Uses

pediagenosis    September 18, 2026    Comment   

GASTRIC ANALYSIS

Gastric analysis is a technique for measuring acid production of the stomach. Gastric analysis may, in this context, be classified as qualitative or quantitative. A qualitative gastric analysis is undertaken to ascertain whether the gastric glands can secrete acid. A quantitative gastric analysis seeks to determine the amount of HCl secreted by the stomach and is carried out by determining the basal secretion level or the secretory response to insulin hypoglycemia.

Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Liver Anatomy

Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Liver Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 17, 2026    Comment   

Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Liver Anatomy

Perisinusoidal spaces (Disse) very narrow or obliterated, Connective tissue of portal triad, Perisinusoidal space (Disse), Sinusoid, Perisinusoidal spaces (Disse) markedly widened, Periportal space (Mall), Superior phrenic nodes (at termination of inferior vena cava), 

Cross Section at T10, Esophagogastric Junction Anatomy

Cross Section at T10, Esophagogastric Junction Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 17, 2026    Comment   

Cross Section at T10, Esophagogastric Junction Anatomy

Rectus abdominis muscle, Liver, Right crus of respiratory diaphragm (forming right boundary of esophageal hiatus), Inferior vena cava, Serratus anterior muscle, Azygos vein, Latissimus dorsi muscle, Inferior lobe of right lung in costodiaphragmatic recess,

Uterus: Fascial Ligaments Anatomy

Uterus: Fascial Ligaments Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 16, 2026    Comment   

Uterus: Fascial Ligaments Anatomy

Round ligament of uterus, Uterine (fallopian) tube, Proper ovarian ligament (ligament of ovary), Uterosacral ligament, Cardinal (Mackenrodt’s) ligament, Vaginal wall, Fascial ligaments of uterus, 

Shoulder with Details of Glenohumeral Joint Anatomy

Shoulder with Details of Glenohumeral Joint Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 16, 2026    Comment   

Shoulder with Details of Glenohumeral Joint Anatomy

Anterior view, Acromion, Coracoacromial ligament, Supraspinatus tendon (cut), Coracohumeral ligament, Greater tubercle, Transverse humeral ligament, Intertubercular tendon sheath (communicates with synovial cavity), Acromioclavicular joint capsule (incorporating acromioclavicular ligament), Subscapularis tendon (cut), Biceps brachii tendon (long head), Clavicle, Trapezoid ligament Coracoclavicular, Conoid ligament ligament, Superior transverse scapular ligament and superior scapular (suprascapular) notch, Coracoid process, Opening of subtendinous bursa of subscapularis muscle, 

Hidradenitis Suppurativa (Acne Inversa): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Complications

Hidradenitis Suppurativa (Acne Inversa): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Complications

pediagenosis    September 15, 2026   

HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA (ACNE INVERSA)

Hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa) is a rare chronic, life-altering disease. It can be an isolated clinical finding, or it can be associated with cystic acne, dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, and pilonidal cysts.

Diagnosis of Death: Circulatory Death, Brainstem Death, and Physiology

Diagnosis of Death: Circulatory Death, Brainstem Death, and Physiology

pediagenosis    September 14, 2026   

Diagnosis Of Death And Its Physiology

Diagnosing death

Circulatory death

Traditionally, death has been certified by the absence of a circulation, usually taken as the point at which the heart stops beating. In the UK, current guidance suggests that death may be confirmed after 5 minutes of observation following cessation of cardiac function (e.g. absence of heart sounds, absence of palpable central pulse or asystole on a continuous electrocardiogram). Organ donation after circulatory death (DCD) may occur following confirmation that death has occurred (also called non-heart-beating donation). There are two sorts of DCD donation, controlled and uncontrolled.

Myxedema: Symptoms, Causes, Skin Findings, Diagnosis & Treatment

Myxedema: Symptoms, Causes, Skin Findings, Diagnosis & Treatment

pediagenosis    September 10, 2026   

MYXEDEMA

Myxedema is seen in patients with untreated severe hypothyroidism. This condition results from a total lack of thyroid hormone secretion and resultant deposition of mucopolysaccharides into the skin and other organs. Many skin and systemic findings are present in severe hypothyroidism. This is a condition seen in adults. The infantile form, called cretinism, is still found in parts of the world that do not routinely test newborn infants. If it is left untreated, mental retardation and various neurological deficits can occur. Adult myxedema is an uncommon clinical disease.