Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy: hCG, Estrogen, Progesterone & Placental Hormones

Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy: hCG, Estrogen, Progesterone & Placental Hormones

pediagenosis    September 04, 2026    Comment   

Plate 12-7

HORMONAL FLUCTUATIONS IN PREGNANCY

In addition to its function as the agent of transfer of gases and nutrients, the placenta also has significant endocrine activity. It produces progesterone, which is important in maintaining the pregnancy; somatomammotropin (also known as placental lactogen), which acts to increase the amount of glucose and lipids in the maternal blood; estrogen; insulin-like growth factors; relaxin; and human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG). This hormonal activity is the main cause of the increased maternal blood glucose levels seen in pregnancy, which results in an increased transfer of glucose and lipids to the fetus.

Musculocutaneous Nerve: Anatomy, Course, Branches and Innervation

Musculocutaneous Nerve: Anatomy, Course, Branches and Innervation

pediagenosis    September 02, 2026   

MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE

Peripheral Nerves

The terminal branches of the brachial plexus (the musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial nerves) provide the entire nerve supply to the limb below the shoulder. Of these, only the musculocutaneous and radial nerves distribute to the muscles of the upper arm.

Autonomic Innervation of Esophagus, Stomach, and Duodenum: Schema Anatomy

Autonomic Innervation of Esophagus, Stomach, and Duodenum: Schema Anatomy

pediagenosis    August 31, 2026    Comment   

Autonomic Innervation of Esophagus, Stomach, and Duodenum: Schema Anatomy

Right 6th thoracic ganglion of sympathetic trunk Gray, White rami communicantes, Spinal (posterior root) ganglion, Right greater thoracic splanchnic nerve, Right lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve, Celiac ganglia, Least thoracic splanchnic nerve Common hepatic artery, Superior mesenteric ganglion, Aorticorenal ganglia, Right gastric artery, Right renal artery, Gastroduodenal artery, Posterior and anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries,

Autonomic Innervation of Pancreas: Schema Anatomy

Autonomic Innervation of Pancreas: Schema Anatomy

pediagenosis    August 30, 2026    Comment   

Autonomic Innervation of Pancreas: Schema Anatomy

Glomus Tumor and Glomangioma: Symptoms, Histology, Causes and Treatment

Glomus Tumor and Glomangioma: Symptoms, Histology, Causes and Treatment

pediagenosis    August 30, 2026    Comment   

GLOMUS TUMOR AND GLOMANGIOMA

Glomus tumors are benign tumors derived from the glomus body. The glomus body is a component of the vascular thermoregulatory unit. These tumors are most frequently encountered in early adulthood and are most commonly found on the digits. Glomus tumors are solitary in nature, and the term glomangioma is used when describing the glomuvenous malformation. This usually manifests as a congenital defect in infants and young children and appears to be a multifocal grouping or mass of coalescent glomus tumors.

Homologues of External Genitalia Anatomy

Homologues of External Genitalia Anatomy

pediagenosis    August 30, 2026   

Homologues of External Genitalia Anatomy

Glans area, Epithelial tag, Urogenital fold, Urogenital groove, Lateral part of tubercle, Anal tubercle, Anal pit, Undifferentiated, Genital tubercle, Male Female, Glans, Epithelial tag, Coronal sulcus, Site of future origin of prepuce, Urethral fold, Urogenital groove, 

External Anal Sphincter Muscle: Perineal Views Anatomy

External Anal Sphincter Muscle: Perineal Views Anatomy

pediagenosis    August 30, 2026    Comment   

External Anal Sphincter Muscle: Perineal Views Anatomy

Male Dartos fascia of scrotum, Septum of scrotum, Deep (Buck’s) fascia of penis, Perineal membrane, Perineal body, Superficial perineal (Colles’) fascia (cut edges), Transverse fibrous septum of ischioanal fossa (cut), Ischial tuberosity, Sacrotuberous ligament, Gluteus maximus muscle, Tip of coccyx, Pubococcygeus, Puboanalis (puborectalis), Iliococcygeus, Subcutaneous, Superficial, Deep,

Testis Descent: How the Testis Descends into the Scrotum and Causes of Cryptorchidism

Testis Descent: How the Testis Descends into the Scrotum and Causes of Cryptorchidism

pediagenosis    August 30, 2026   

DESCENT OF THE TESTIS

The early genital ridge on the posterior wall of the coelomic cavity contains the primordial testis and extends from the sixth thoracic to the second sacral segment. At 8 weeks’ gestation, the testis, lying beneath the mesothelium (primitive peritoneum), becomes an elongated, spindle-shaped organ projecting into the coelomic cavity (future abdominal cavity).

Dermatofibroma (Sclerosing Hemangioma): Clinical Features, Histology, Causes and Treatment

Dermatofibroma (Sclerosing Hemangioma): Clinical Features, Histology, Causes and Treatment

pediagenosis    August 29, 2026    Comment   

DERMATOFIBROMA (SCLEROSING HEMANGIOMA)

Dermatofibromas are among the most common types of benign skin growths. Usually, they occur on the extremities, with a predilection for the legs. There is some debate as to whether this is a true neoplasm or an inflammatory reaction.

Becker’s Nevus: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

Becker’s Nevus: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

pediagenosis    August 29, 2026    Comment   

BECKER’S NEVUS (SMOOTH MUSCLE HAMARTOMA)

Becker’s nevi most commonly appear on the shoulder or upper limb girdle of prepubescent boys. It is a rather common benign condition that is seen in up to 0.5% of the male population. It is less commonly seen in females. Becker’s nevi are acquired nevi. Most occur before 10 years of age. Becker’s nevus is classified as a smooth muscle hamartoma. It does not contain melanocytic nevus cells and is not considered to be a melanocytic nevus. It was given its name by the dermatologist Samuel Becker, who first described this condition.