LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE LUNGS AND PLEURA

LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE LUNGS AND PLEURA

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025    Comment   

LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE LUNGS AND PLEURA

The lymphatic drainage of the lung plays critical roles in the removal of excess interstitial fluid and particulate matter (free or within macrophages) deposited in the airspaces and in lymphocyte trafficking and immune surveillance. Discrepancies exist between the terminology of the Nomina Anatomica adopted by anatomists for lung lymphatic routes and the terms commonly and conveniently used by clinicians, surgeons, and radiologists. For this reason, in the illustrations, the terms in common usage are included in parentheses after the official Nomina Anatomica designations.

DIABETIC FOOT ULCERATION

DIABETIC FOOT ULCERATION

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025    Comment   

DIABETIC FOOT ULCERATION

LESIONS OF THE DIABETIC FOOT

Patients with diabetes are susceptible to a host of foot-related problems. One of the most common and troublesome problems is ulceration and subsequent infection of the foot. Ulceration of the foot develops in the diabetic patient primarily as a result of peripheral neuropathy and loss of the normal protective sensation. Whereas the individual with normal protective sensation would immediately sense minor trauma such as the rubbing of a shoe and take immediate steps to correct it, the diabetic individual is not aware of the problem, allowing the pressure to continue unabated. Eventually, even minor repetitive trauma can result in formation of an ulcer. Ulcers occur most commonly on the weight-bearing plantar surface of the foot and over bony prominences. Once ulceration develops, it is also more likely to become infected in the diabetic patient owing to diminished immune function and impaired circulation. Failure to sense the normal signs of infection due to neuropathy can result in progression to osteomyelitis and extensive, limb-threatening infection in the diabetic patient.

Manifestations of Disease of Tongue

Manifestations of Disease of Tongue

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025   

Manifestations of Disease of Tongue

As a consequence of the easy accessibility to clinical inspection, the tongue, in the course of medical history, has played a rather special role as a diagnostic indicator of systemic disease. The degree of moisture or dryness of the lingual mucosa may indicate disturbances of fluid balance. Changes in color and the appearance of edema, swelling, ulcers, and inflammation or atrophy of the lingual papillae may represent signs of endocrine, nutritional, hematologic, metabolic, or hepatic disorders, infectious diseases, or aberrant ingestions. On the other hand, it should be recognized that the tongue participates with the gingivae and the buccal mucosa in localized pathologic processes of the oral cavity, and that a number of conditions exist in which the surface or the parenchyma of the tongue itself is exclusively involved.

Skin Physiology : The Process Of Keratinization

Skin Physiology : The Process Of Keratinization

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025    Comment   

Skin Physiology : The Process Of Keratinization

Keratinization, also known as cornification, is unique to the epithelium of the skin. Keratinization of the human skin is of paramount importance; it allows humans to live on dry land. The process of keratinization begins in the basal layer of the epidermis and continues upward until full keratinization has occurred in the stratum corneum. The function and purpose of keratinization is to form the stratum corneum.

Cysts of Jaw and Oral Cavity

Cysts of Jaw and Oral Cavity

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025   

Cysts of Jaw and Oral Cavity

Nonepithelialized cysts of the mandible or maxilla may result from trauma with intermedullary hemorrhage, or they may be manifestations of monostotic and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (disseminated or localized osteitis fibrosa) and generalized osteitis fibrosa, also called cystic osteodystrophy (von Recklinghausen disease). Because the latter conditions are systemic disorders of the bones or endocrine system (primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism), they will not be discussed in this volume. The lesions are more often solid than fluid in content and are recognized as cysts chiefly by their radiographic appearance.

MORBIDITY OF ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION AND TRACHEOSTOMY

MORBIDITY OF ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION AND TRACHEOSTOMY

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025    Comment   

MORBIDITY OF ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION AND TRACHEOSTOMY

Nasotracheal tubes may be more easily inserted, less easily dislodged, and sometimes better tolerated than orotracheal tubes. However, they can cause nasal necrosis and maxillary sinusitis. “Blind insertion” may result in vocal cord trauma, which can be minimized by visualization, as with oral intubation. Nasotracheal tubes have small lumina, making suctioning and weaning from mechanical ventilation difficult. Orotracheal tubes are larger and more readily permit suctioning or bronchoscopy than nasotracheal tubes. However, they are less comfortable, more easily dislodged, and can be kinked or damaged by the patient’s teeth.

Male Perineum and External Genitalia (Superficial Dissection) Anatomy

Male Perineum and External Genitalia (Superficial Dissection) Anatomy

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025    Comment   

Male Perineum and External Genitalia (Superficial Dissection) Anatomy

Superficial fatty (Camper’s) and deeper membranous (Scarpa’s) layers of superficial fascia, Skin of penis, Deep (Buck’s) fascia of penis, Dartos fascia of penis and scrotum, Saphenous opening and femoral artery and vein, 

Esophagoscopy and Endoscopic Ultrasound

Esophagoscopy and Endoscopic Ultrasound

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025   

Esophagoscopy and Endoscopic Ultrasound

The ability of being able to introduce a flexible instrument with a charge­coupled device safely into the gastrointestinal tract has revolutionized the practice of gastroenterology. Endoscopic examination of the esophagus shows extensive detail of the mucosal lining, some imaging of abnormalities that lead to intramural or extramural indentation or compression of the lumen, respectively, and esophageal motility abnormalities as estimated by sphincter tone and esophageal diameter. Mucosal abnormalities seen are best characterized as inflammatory or neoplastic. Inflammatory lesions may vary in intensity from mild superficial erythema to frank ulceration with complete destruction of the mucosa. 

SCOLIOSIS

SCOLIOSIS

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025    Comment   

SCOLIOSIS

Scoliosis is a rotational deformity of the spine and ribs. While in most cases the cause of scoliosis is unknown (idiopathic scoliosis), in excess of 50 genetic markers have been identified as having a major role in adolescent idiopathic curves. Scoliosis may also result from a variety of congenital, neuromuscular, mesenchymal, and traumatic conditions, and it is commonly associated with neurofibromatosis.

Innervation of Abdomen and Perineum

Innervation of Abdomen and Perineum

pediagenosis    April 20, 2025   

Innervation of Abdomen and Perineum

    The segmentally arranged nerves are attached to the sides of the spinal cord by a series of anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) roots. An anterior and posterior root at each spinal segment unite to form the spinal nerve, which emerges through the corresponding intervertebral foramen. The anterior roots contain axons from the motor nerve cells in the anterior horn of the spinal cord and the posterior roots contain the axons projecting from the pseudounipolar sensory cells located in the posterior (dorsal) root ganglia (spinal sensory ganglia).