Nerves of Upper Limb Anatomy

Nerves of Upper Limb Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 23, 2026   

Nerves of Upper Limb Anatomy

Musculocutaneous nerve (dominant nerve to anterior compartment muscles of arm), Median nerve (dominant nerve to anterior compartment muscles of forearm and thenar eminence muscles), Ulnar nerve (dominant nerve to muscles of hand and to flexor carpi ulnaris muscle and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus muscle in forearm), 

Pelvic Diaphragm: Male Anatomy

Pelvic Diaphragm: Male Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 22, 2026    Comment   

Pelvic Diaphragm: Male Anatomy

Pubic symphysis (viscera removed), Pubic crest, Pubic tubercle, Pecten pubis, Superior ramus of pubis, Obturator canal, Obturator fascia, Iliopubic eminence, Acetabular margin, Anterior inferior iliac spine, Ala of ilium, Arcuate line, Transverse perineal ligament (anterior thickening of Perineal membrane), Ischial spine, Sacroiliac joint, Sacrum, Sacral canal Anorectal hiatus, Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament, Anterior sacral (pelvic) foramina, Piriformis muscle, Inferior (arcuate) pubic ligament, Hiatus for deep dorsal vein of penis, Hiatus for urethra, Muscle fibers from levator ani to conjoined longitudinal muscle of anal canal, Puboanalis (puborectalis), Pubococcygeus, Iliococcygeus, Levator ani muscle, Tendinous arch of, levator ani muscle, Obturator internus muscle, Coccygeus muscle

Mediastinoscopy and Mediastinotomy: Mediastinal Lymph Node Staging in Lung Cancer

Mediastinoscopy and Mediastinotomy: Mediastinal Lymph Node Staging in Lung Cancer

pediagenosis    September 21, 2026   

MEDIASTINOTOMY AND MEDIASTINOSCOPY

Complete surgical resection is the key curative therapy for early-stage bronchogenic carcinoma. To be effective, resection must be performed under appropriate circumstances; not only must the patient be able to tolerate the required operation but the cancer must also be sufficiently well localized for complete surgical removal. Radical resection in the face of metastases to mediastinal nodes is rarely curative. For this reason, mediastinal nodal staging is essential. Cervical mediastinoscopy and left anterior mediastinotomy remain the gold standard for sampling mediastinal lymph nodes. These procedures may also aid in the diagnosis of lymphoma, sarcoidosis, and other diseases affecting the mediastinum.

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V): Schema Anatomy

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V): Schema Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 20, 2026    Comment   

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V): Schema Anatomy

Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1), Tentorial branch, Nasociliary nerve, Lacrimal nerve, Frontal nerve, Branch to ciliary ganglion, Ciliary ganglion, Posterior ethmoidal nerve, Long ciliary nerve, Short ciliary nerves, Anterior ethmoidal nerve, Supraorbital nerve, Supratrochlear nerve, Infratrochlear nerve, Internal nasal branches and, External nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve, Maxillary nerve (CN V2), Meningeal branch, Zygomaticotemporal branch, Zygomaticofacial branch, Zygomatic nerve

Cell Nucleus: Structure, Function, Chromatin, Nucleolus and Nuclear Envelope

Cell Nucleus: Structure, Function, Chromatin, Nucleolus and Nuclear Envelope

pediagenosis    September 19, 2026   

FIGURE 4.1 • Composite cell designed to show in one cell all of the various components of the nucleus and cytoplasm. (From McConnell T. H., Hull K. L. (2011). Human form human function: Essentials of anatomy & physiology (p. 70). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.)

The Nucleus

The nucleus of the cell appears as a rounded or elongated structure situated near the center of the cell (see Fig. 4.1). All eukaryotic cells have at least one nucleus (prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, lack a nucleus and nuclear membrane). Some cells contain more than one nucleus; osteoclasts (a type of bone cell) typically contain 12 nuclei or more. The platelet-producing cell, the megakaryocyte, has only one nucleus but usually contains 16 times the normal chromatin amount.

Attachments of Muscles of Forearm: Anterior View Anatomy

Attachments of Muscles of Forearm: Anterior View Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 18, 2026    Comment   

Attachments of Muscles of Forearm: Anterior View Anatomy

Brachioradialis muscle, Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle, Supinator muscle, Extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris muscles, Common extensor tendon, Brachialis muscle, Biceps brachii muscle, Supinator muscle, Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (radial head), 

Gastric Analysis: Procedure, Gastric Acid Output, and Clinical Uses

Gastric Analysis: Procedure, Gastric Acid Output, and Clinical Uses

pediagenosis    September 18, 2026    Comment   

GASTRIC ANALYSIS

Gastric analysis is a technique for measuring acid production of the stomach. Gastric analysis may, in this context, be classified as qualitative or quantitative. A qualitative gastric analysis is undertaken to ascertain whether the gastric glands can secrete acid. A quantitative gastric analysis seeks to determine the amount of HCl secreted by the stomach and is carried out by determining the basal secretion level or the secretory response to insulin hypoglycemia.

Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Liver Anatomy

Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Liver Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 17, 2026    Comment   

Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Liver Anatomy

Perisinusoidal spaces (Disse) very narrow or obliterated, Connective tissue of portal triad, Perisinusoidal space (Disse), Sinusoid, Perisinusoidal spaces (Disse) markedly widened, Periportal space (Mall), Superior phrenic nodes (at termination of inferior vena cava), 

Cross Section at T10, Esophagogastric Junction Anatomy

Cross Section at T10, Esophagogastric Junction Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 17, 2026    Comment   

Cross Section at T10, Esophagogastric Junction Anatomy

Rectus abdominis muscle, Liver, Right crus of respiratory diaphragm (forming right boundary of esophageal hiatus), Inferior vena cava, Serratus anterior muscle, Azygos vein, Latissimus dorsi muscle, Inferior lobe of right lung in costodiaphragmatic recess,

Uterus: Fascial Ligaments Anatomy

Uterus: Fascial Ligaments Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 16, 2026    Comment   

Uterus: Fascial Ligaments Anatomy

Round ligament of uterus, Uterine (fallopian) tube, Proper ovarian ligament (ligament of ovary), Uterosacral ligament, Cardinal (Mackenrodt’s) ligament, Vaginal wall, Fascial ligaments of uterus, 

Shoulder with Details of Glenohumeral Joint Anatomy

Shoulder with Details of Glenohumeral Joint Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 16, 2026    Comment   

Shoulder with Details of Glenohumeral Joint Anatomy

Anterior view, Acromion, Coracoacromial ligament, Supraspinatus tendon (cut), Coracohumeral ligament, Greater tubercle, Transverse humeral ligament, Intertubercular tendon sheath (communicates with synovial cavity), Acromioclavicular joint capsule (incorporating acromioclavicular ligament), Subscapularis tendon (cut), Biceps brachii tendon (long head), Clavicle, Trapezoid ligament Coracoclavicular, Conoid ligament ligament, Superior transverse scapular ligament and superior scapular (suprascapular) notch, Coracoid process, Opening of subtendinous bursa of subscapularis muscle, 

Hidradenitis Suppurativa (Acne Inversa): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Complications

Hidradenitis Suppurativa (Acne Inversa): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Complications

pediagenosis    September 15, 2026   

HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA (ACNE INVERSA)

Hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa) is a rare chronic, life-altering disease. It can be an isolated clinical finding, or it can be associated with cystic acne, dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, and pilonidal cysts.

Diagnosis of Death: Circulatory Death, Brainstem Death, and Physiology

Diagnosis of Death: Circulatory Death, Brainstem Death, and Physiology

pediagenosis    September 14, 2026   

Diagnosis Of Death And Its Physiology

Diagnosing death

Circulatory death

Traditionally, death has been certified by the absence of a circulation, usually taken as the point at which the heart stops beating. In the UK, current guidance suggests that death may be confirmed after 5 minutes of observation following cessation of cardiac function (e.g. absence of heart sounds, absence of palpable central pulse or asystole on a continuous electrocardiogram). Organ donation after circulatory death (DCD) may occur following confirmation that death has occurred (also called non-heart-beating donation). There are two sorts of DCD donation, controlled and uncontrolled.

Myxedema: Symptoms, Causes, Skin Findings, Diagnosis & Treatment

Myxedema: Symptoms, Causes, Skin Findings, Diagnosis & Treatment

pediagenosis    September 10, 2026   

MYXEDEMA

Myxedema is seen in patients with untreated severe hypothyroidism. This condition results from a total lack of thyroid hormone secretion and resultant deposition of mucopolysaccharides into the skin and other organs. Many skin and systemic findings are present in severe hypothyroidism. This is a condition seen in adults. The infantile form, called cretinism, is still found in parts of the world that do not routinely test newborn infants. If it is left untreated, mental retardation and various neurological deficits can occur. Adult myxedema is an uncommon clinical disease.

Cross Section at L3–4 Anatomy

Cross Section at L3–4 Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 09, 2026    Comment   

Cross Section at L3–4 Anatomy

Round ligament (ligamentum teres) of liver, Transverse colon, Branches of inferior epigastric vessels, Rectus sheath, Transversus abdominis aponeurosis, External oblique aponeurosis, Internal oblique aponeurosis, Mesentery of small intestine, Superior mesenteric vessels, Small intestine (ileum), Lymph node, Ascending colon, Right paracolic gutter, Tendon of origin of transversus abdominis muscle, Ilioinguinal nerve,

Dermatomyositis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Histology & Treatment

Dermatomyositis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Histology & Treatment

pediagenosis    September 08, 2026   

Dermatomyositis

Dermatomyositis is a chronic connective tissue disease that can be associated with an underlying internal malignancy. This connective tissue disease shares similarities with polymyositis, but the latter has no cutaneous findings. Up to one third of patients with dermatomyositis have an underlying malignancy. The myositis is often prominent and manifests as tenderness and weakness of the proximal muscle groups. The pelvic and shoulder girdle muscles are the ones most commonly affected. Dermatomyositis sine myositis is a well-recognized variant that has only the cutaneous findings; evidence of muscle involvement is absent.

Topography and Constrictions of Esophagus Anatomy

Topography and Constrictions of Esophagus Anatomy

pediagenosis    September 07, 2026   

Topography and Constrictions of Esophagus Anatomy

Incisor tooth, Oropharynx, Epiglottis, Piriform recess, Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, Cricopharyngeus (muscle) part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, Pharyngoesophageal constriction, Average length in centimeters, Thoracic (aortobronchial) constriction, Trachea, Arch of aorta, Left main bronchus,

Alport Syndrome and Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Alport Syndrome and Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

pediagenosis    September 07, 2026   

HEREDITARY NEPHRITIS (ALPORT SYNDROME)/THIN BASEMENT MEMBRANE NEPHROPATHY

Hereditary nephritis (HN, also known as Alport syndrome) and thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN) are both inherited disorders that feature structural defects in type IV collagen, an integral component of the glomerular basement membrane. Both conditions present in childhood with persistent microscopic hematuria.

HN is rare, affecting 1 in 50,000 individuals, and often progresses to end stage renal disease (ESRD). TBMN, in contrast, affects 1 in 20 to 100 individuals and typically does not have a progressive course.

Intracellular Accumulations: Causes, Types, Examples, and Clinical Significance

Intracellular Accumulations: Causes, Types, Examples, and Clinical Significance

pediagenosis    September 06, 2026    Comment   

Intracellular Accumulations.

Intracellular accumulations represent the buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate. The substances may accumulate in the cytoplasm (frequently in the lysosomes) or in the nucleus. In some cases the accumulation may be an abnormal substance that the cell has produced, and in other cases the cell may be storing exogenous materials or products of pathologic processes occurring elsewhere in the body. An example would be the accumulation of beta amyloid fragments, which progress to a skeletal muscle disorder called myositis. These substances may  accumulate  transiently  or  permanently, and they may be harmless or, in some cases, toxic.

Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy: hCG, Estrogen, Progesterone & Placental Hormones

Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy: hCG, Estrogen, Progesterone & Placental Hormones

pediagenosis    September 04, 2026    Comment   

Plate 12-7

HORMONAL FLUCTUATIONS IN PREGNANCY

In addition to its function as the agent of transfer of gases and nutrients, the placenta also has significant endocrine activity. It produces progesterone, which is important in maintaining the pregnancy; somatomammotropin (also known as placental lactogen), which acts to increase the amount of glucose and lipids in the maternal blood; estrogen; insulin-like growth factors; relaxin; and human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG). This hormonal activity is the main cause of the increased maternal blood glucose levels seen in pregnancy, which results in an increased transfer of glucose and lipids to the fetus.