pediagenosis: BackSpinalCord

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Monday, April 28, 2025

Sacrum and Coccyx Anatomy

pediagenosis April 28, 2025

Sacrum and Coccyx Anatomy

Base of sacrum, Superior articular process, Sacral canal, Ala (wing), Promontory, Sacral part of pelvic brim (linea terminalis), Facets of superior articular processes, Transverse section through S2 foramina, Anterior (pelvic) sacral foramina, Transverse process of coccyx, Posterior sacral foramen, Intervertebral foramen, Anterior (pelvic) sacral foramen, Pelvic surface, Paramedian sagittal section, Anteroinferior view, Posterosuperior view, Transverse process of coccyx,

Muscles of Back : Intermediate Layer Anatomy

pediagenosis April 28, 2025 Comment

Muscles of Back : Intermediate Layer Anatomy

Iliocostalis muscle, Longissimus muscle, Spinalis muscle, Serratus posterior superior muscle, Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles, Superior nuchal line of skull, Posterior tubercle of atlas (C1), Longissimus capitis muscle, Semispinalis capitis muscle, Serratus posterior inferior muscle, Tendon of origin of transversus abdominis muscle, Internal abdominal oblique muscle, External abdominal oblique muscle (cut), Iliac crest,

Tuesday, September 26, 2023

Veins of Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column Anatomy

pediagenosis September 26, 2023 Comment

Veins of Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column Anatomy

External vertebral venous plexus, Internal vertebral (epidural) venous plexus (Batson’s veins), Basivertebral vein, Anterior spinal vein, Anterior sulcal (central) vein, Basivertebral vein, Internal vertebral (epidural) venous plexus, Intervertebral vein, Anterior segmental medullary/radicular vein, Posterior segmental medullary/radicular vein, Internal vertebral (epidural) venous plexus, Posterior spinal vein, Posterior sulcal (central) vein, Pial venous plexus, External vertebral venous plexus.

Monday, May 3, 2021

Vertebrae and Joints Anatomy

pediagenosis May 03, 2021 Comment

Vertebrae and Joints Anatomy

Cervical vertebrae

The seven cervical vertebrae are relatively small and enclose a wide vertebral canal with adequate space for the cervical part of the spinal cord. Each transverse process is perforated by a foramen transversarium transmitting the vertebral vessels. The spinous processes all give attachment to a strong midline elastic ligament, the ligamentum nuchae.

Four of the cervical vertebrae (numbers 3–6) have a typical appearance whereas the first, second and seventh are modified. The typical vertebrae (Fig. 8.11) possess short bifid spines and their transverse processes have anterior and posterior tubercles. Often the upper and lower surfaces of the vertebral bodies are not flat but curve upwards at their lateral edges. The facets on the superior articular processes face obliquely backwards and upwards and therefore rotation and lateral flexion always occur together.

The first cervical vertebra, the atlas (Fig. 8.12), has anterior and posterior arches, relatively large transverse processes and two lateral masses. The atlas has no body and its spinous process is represented by a tubercle. On the superior surface of each lateral mass is a concave facet, which articulates with the convex occipital condyle of the skull. The atlantooccipital joints permit flexion and extension (nodding movements).

Muscles Anatomy

pediagenosis May 03, 2021 Comment

Muscles Anatomy

The muscles of the erector spinae group are covered in the lumbar region by the thoracolumbar fascia, in the lumbar and thoracic regions by the serratus posterior muscles and in the neck by the splenius muscles.

In the lumbar region, the thoracolumbar fascia is trilaminar and encloses erector spinae posteriorly and quadratus lumborum anteriorly (Fig. 8.28). At the lateral margins of both muscles, the laminae of the fascia fuse and give attachment to the transversus abdominis (Fig. 8.28).

Serratus posterior superior and inferior (Figs 8.29 & 8.30) are weak respiratory muscles, which connect lower cervical and upper thoracic spines with upper ribs, and lower thoracic and upper lumbar spines with lower ribs, respectively. They are supplied by branches of anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves (intercostal nerves).

Splenius muscles

Splenius (Fig. 8.31) attaches medially to the lower part of the ligamentum nuchae and to the upper thoracic spinous processes. The superior part, splenius capitis, attaches laterally to the mastoid process and superior nuchal line. The inferior part, splenius cervicis, attaches laterally to the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae.

Spinal Cord Anatomy

pediagenosis May 03, 2021 Comment

Spinal Cord Anatomy

Surface features

At the level of the upper border of the atlas, the spinal cord is directly continuous with the medulla oblongata. Inferiorly, the cord usually extends as far as the first lumbar intervertebral disc, where it terminates as the conus medullaris. In transverse section, the spinal cord is oval, with its smaller diameter anteroposteriorly. The cord is especially wide at the cervical and lumbar enlargements due to increased numbers of nerve cell bodies within the spinal cord, which innervate the upper and lower limbs.

On the anterior aspect of the cord lies the anterior median fissure, whereas posteriorly, there is a relatively shallow posterior median sulcus. On each side, a posterolateral sulcus marks the site of attachment of the posterior nerve roots.

Spinal nerve roots

The spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord by anterior and posterior nerve roots (Fig. 8.36). The region of the spinal cord to which one pair of anterior and posterior nerve roots attaches is called a spinal segment (Table 8.3).